{"id":1266,"date":"2024-12-09T18:27:01","date_gmt":"2024-12-09T15:27:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/?p=1266"},"modified":"2024-12-09T18:27:01","modified_gmt":"2024-12-09T15:27:01","slug":"mvcc-v-postgresql","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/mvcc-v-postgresql\/","title":{"rendered":"MVCC \u0432 PostgreSQL"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430<a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/jPhkuk7Dxmg\">\u00a029 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e<\/a>\u00a0\u0438\u0437 30 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/kurs-sql-c-0\/\">\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 SQL c 0<\/a>\u00a0\u043e\u0442 \u0410\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445 <a href=\"https:\/\/rutube.ru\/video\/c40a2bb5fbc337ade0b9fb4c41ff87b1\/\">RUTUBE<\/a> \u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/vk.com\/video-212716752_456239091\">VK \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043c <a href=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/urovni-izolyaczii-tranzakczij-v-postgresql\/\">ACID <\/a>&#8212; \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443. \u041c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0422\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0443 \u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0413\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0421\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u041a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u0438 \u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0445.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 MVCC (Multi-Version Concurrency Control) &#8212; \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 MVCC, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435. MVCC \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443, \u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f MVCC<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0437 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 (Oracle Database, MySQL, InndoDB \u0438 \u0434\u0440.) \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e: \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 Undo (\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430), \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 rollback.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/articles\/72122\/\">\u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 Undo:<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0412 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u00bb. \u0422\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d INSERT, \u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f DELETE \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 UPDATE \u0432 Undo \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 Undo, \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 redo log buffer (\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b). \u0412 redo \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (redo), \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f (undo).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 rollback \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443 &#8212; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438\/\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\/\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 Undo, \u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-22-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-22-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-22-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-22-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-22-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-22.png 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>MVCC \u0432 PostgreSQL<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412 PostgreSQL \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 &#8212; \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044f. \u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0443\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430 &#8212; \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435 (\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438), \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0443.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0438:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>xmin<\/strong> &#8212; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>xmax<\/strong> &#8212; \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>cmin<\/strong> &#8212; \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>cmax<\/strong> &#8212; \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/insert-v-postgresql\/\">INSERT<\/a> &#8212; \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 <strong>xmin<\/strong>=txid_current() \u0438 <strong>xmax<\/strong>=0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/delete-v-postgresql\/\">DELETE<\/a> &#8212; \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f <strong>xmax<\/strong>=txid_current()<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/update-v-postgresql\/\">UPDATE<\/a> \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f <strong>xmax<\/strong>=txid_current(), \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f delete, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 <strong>xmin<\/strong>=txid_current() \u0438 <strong>xmax<\/strong>=0, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f INSERT<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u043e xmax \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 <strong>xmax_aborted<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u0445:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.interdb.jp\/pg\/pgsql05.html\">The Internals of PostgreSQL : Chapter 5 Concurrency Control<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/postgrespro\/blog\/445820\/\">MVCC-3. \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0414\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>infomask <\/strong>&#8212; \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442<strong>,<\/strong> \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>xmin_commited, xmin_aborted, xmax_commited, xmax_aborted<\/strong> &#8212; \u0431\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 commit \u0438 rollback \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043a\u0435 (freeze)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>ctid<\/strong> &#8212; \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438. \u0423 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 ctid<strong> <\/strong>\u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e. \u041d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 ctid \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434 (x,y), \u0433\u0434\u0435 x \u2014 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u0430  y \u2014\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435.<a href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/postgrespro\/blog\/445820\/\"><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 PostgreSQL \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0438\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b), \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437 Undo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0438 ROLLBACK \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442: \u0432\u0441\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0431\u0438\u0442 <strong>xmax_aborted<\/strong>. \u0421\u0430\u043c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 <strong>xmax <\/strong>\u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT txid_current();<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"227\" height=\"93\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-23.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1268\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e, \u0442\u043e \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d <strong>autocommit <\/strong>(\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"218\" height=\"93\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-24.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1269\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 <a href=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/urovni-izolyaczii-tranzakczij\/\">\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SHOW transaction isolation level;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"279\" height=\"99\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-25.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1270\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043c \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0451 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test;\nCREATE TABLE test(\n    i int\n);\nINSERT INTO test VALUES \n    (100),\n    (200);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"170\" height=\"104\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-26.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1271\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0414\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043c \u0435\u0449\u0451 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>BEGIN;\nINSERT INTO test VALUES (300); \nINSERT INTO test VALUES (400); \nCOMMIT;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"136\" height=\"164\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-27.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1272\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT relname, \n    n_live_tup, \n    n_dead_tup, \n    trunc(100*n_dead_tup\/(n_live_tup+1))::float \"ratio%\",\n    last_autovacuum FROM pg_stat_user_tables \nWHERE relname = 'test';<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"747\" height=\"105\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-28.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1273\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-28.png 747w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-28-300x42.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 747px) 100vw, 747px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u044b\u0445 (\u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>UPDATE test \n    SET i = 301 \n    WHERE i = 300;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"182\" height=\"151\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-29.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1274\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT relname, \n    n_live_tup, \n    n_dead_tup, \n    trunc(100*n_dead_tup\/(n_live_tup+1))::float \"ratio%\",\n    last_autovacuum FROM pg_stat_user_tables \nWHERE relname = 'test';<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"725\" height=\"98\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-30.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-30.png 725w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-30-300x41.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 725px) 100vw, 725px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c 4 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c 1 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0430\u044f. 20% \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 &#8212; \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0430\u044f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT xmin,\n    xmax,\n    cmin,\n    cmax,\n    ctid \nFROM test;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"542\" height=\"184\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-31.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1276\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-31.png 542w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-31-300x102.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 542px) 100vw, 542px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CREATE EXTENSION pageinspect;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b PostgreSQL:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT lp as tuple, \n    t_xmin, \n    t_xmax, \n    t_field3 as t_cid, \n    t_ctid \nFROM heap_page_items(get_raw_page('test',0));<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"562\" height=\"207\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-32.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1277\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-32.png 562w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-32-300x110.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 562px) 100vw, 562px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044e (0, 5) &#8212; \u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 autovacuum \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 (\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c vacuum). \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0451\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT lp as tuple,\n    t_xmin,\n    t_xmax,\n    t_field3 as t_cid,\n    t_ctid,\n    get_byte(t_data, 0)::bigint as byte0,\n    get_byte(t_data, 1) as byte1,\n    get_byte(t_data, 2) as byte2,\n    get_byte(t_data, 3) as byte3,\n    get_byte(t_data, 0)::bigint + get_byte(t_data, 1)*<em>2^8 + get_byte(t_data, 2)<\/em>*2^16 + get_byte(t_data, 3)*2^24 as value\nFROM heap_page_items(get_raw_page('test',0));<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"197\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-33-1024x197.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-33-1024x197.png 1024w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-33-300x58.png 300w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-33-768x148.png 768w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-33.png 1077w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0435 value \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438. \u0422\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412\u044b\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0443:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT '(0,'||lp||')' AS ctid,\n    CASE lp_flags\n        WHEN 0 THEN 'unused'\n        WHEN 1 THEN 'normal'\n        WHEN 2 THEN 'redirect to '||lp_off\n        WHEN 3 THEN 'dead'\n    END AS state,\n    t_xmin as xmin,\n    t_xmax as xmax,\n    (t_infomask &amp; 256) &gt; 0 AS xmin_commited,\n    (t_infomask &amp; 512) &gt; 0 AS xmin_aborted,\n    (t_infomask &amp; 1024) &gt; 0 AS xmax_commited,\n    (t_infomask &amp; 2048) &gt; 0 AS xmax_aborted,\n    t_ctid\nFROM heap_page_items(get_raw_page('test',0))<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"191\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-34-1024x191.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1279\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-34-1024x191.png 1024w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-34-300x56.png 300w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-34-768x143.png 768w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-34.png 1216w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>BEGIN;\nUPDATE test set i = 201 WHERE i = 200;\nROLLBACK;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>SELECT lp as tuple,\n    t_xmin,\n    t_xmax,\n    t_field3 as t_cid,\n    t_ctid,\n    get_byte(t_data, 0)::bigint as byte0,\n    get_byte(t_data, 1) as byte1,\n    get_byte(t_data, 2) as byte2,\n    get_byte(t_data, 3) as byte3,\n    get_byte(t_data, 0)::bigint + get_byte(t_data, 1)<em>2^8 + get_byte(t_data, 2)<\/em>2^16 + get_byte(t_data, 3)*2^24 as value\nFROM heap_page_items(get_raw_page('test',0));<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"203\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-35-1024x203.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-35-1024x203.png 1024w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-35-300x59.png 300w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-35-768x152.png 768w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-35.png 1085w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f&nbsp;\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/aeuge\/aristov_tech\/blob\/main\/00%20SQL%20s%200\/presentation\/00%2029%20SQL%20c%200.pdf\">\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">30 \u0438\u0437 30 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0430. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0439\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a \u043e\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0435, \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0430 \u0432&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/kurs-sql-c-0\/\">\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u00a029 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u00a0\u0438\u0437 30 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u00a0\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 SQL c 0\u00a0\u043e\u0442 \u0410\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445 RUTUBE \u0438 VK \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e. \u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043c ACID &#8212; \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443. \u041c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[204,194],"tags":[330,109,97,16,328,332,327,331,88],"class_list":["post-1266","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kurs-sql-s-0","category-obuchenie-postgresql","tag-cmin","tag-infomask","tag-mvcc","tag-postgresql","tag-xmax","tag-xmax_aborted","tag-xmin","tag-xmin_aborted","tag-tranzakczii"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>MVCC \u0432 PostgreSQL - \u0411\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 PostgreSQL \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0423\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 MVCC \u0432 PostgreSQL \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u044b.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/mvcc-v-postgresql\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ru_RU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"MVCC \u0432 PostgreSQL - \u0411\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 PostgreSQL \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0423\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 MVCC \u0432 PostgreSQL \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u044b.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/mvcc-v-postgresql\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0411\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 PostgreSQL \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-12-09T15:27:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-22.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Maria\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Maria\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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