{"id":660,"date":"2024-04-26T11:22:03","date_gmt":"2024-04-26T08:22:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/?p=660"},"modified":"2024-10-07T14:47:23","modified_gmt":"2024-10-07T11:47:23","slug":"osnovy-postgresql","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/osnovy-postgresql\/","title":{"rendered":"\u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a SQL \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/AVfTJXLBLLw\">\u043f\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e<\/a> \u0438\u0437 30 \u0442\u0435\u043c <a href=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/kurs-sql-c-0\/\">\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 SQL c 0<\/a> \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445 <a href=\"https:\/\/rutube.ru\/video\/30d869aad653807066bcbb39ffd68271\/\">RUTUBE<\/a> \u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/vk.com\/video-212716752_456239031\">VK \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 SQL (create table, insert into), \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0435\u0435.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong>\u0418\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 SQL<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"526\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image-14-1024x526.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-662\" style=\"width:486px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image-14-1024x526.png 1024w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image-14-300x154.png 300w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image-14-768x394.png 768w, https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image-14.png 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>SQL \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442 \u0424\u0440\u044d\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 IBM. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432 <a href=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/relational-model\/\">\u043c\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=59239\">\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 SQL 2023<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e Oracle, MSSQL \u0438 PostgreSQL \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 SQL, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439. \u041e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a SELECT \u0438 UPDATE, \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_Manipulation_Language\">DML<\/a> &#8212; Data Manipulation Language &#8212; \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.postgresql.org\/docs\/current\/sql-select.html\">SELECT<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.postgresql.org\/docs\/16\/sql-insert.html\">INSERT<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi6pdaD-vWEAxVbUGwGHdU6BekQFnoECAcQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.postgresql.org%2Fdocs%2Fcurrent%2Fsql-update.html&amp;usg=AOvVaw1dkVrgj-VXSXQBZDHobwie&amp;opi=89978449\">UPDATE<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=2ahUKEwj-koWP-vWEAxWPbGwGHavXAZQQFnoECBQQAQ&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.postgresql.org%2Fdocs%2Fcurrent%2Fsql-delete.html&amp;usg=AOvVaw0_fFCI08yqe0AafcZ4T-tK&amp;opi=89978449\">DELETE<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_Definition_Language\">DDL<\/a>&#8212; Data Definition Language &#8212; \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 (\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0442.\u0434.), \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ALTER<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CREATE<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DROP &#8212; \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 ALTER.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_Control_Language\">DCL<\/a> -Data Control Language &#8212; \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>GRANT<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>REVOKE<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_query_language\">DQL<\/a> &#8212; Data Query Language &#8212; \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SELECT<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scaler.com\/topics\/tcl-commands-in-sql\/\">TCL<\/a> &#8212; Transaction Control Language &#8212; \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/tranzakczii-v-postgresql\/\">\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438<\/a>. \u041f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0421\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440 <a href=\"https:\/\/dzone.com\/articles\/autocommit-in-postgresqls-psql\">autocommit<\/a>, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438: \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430 30 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0438. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>BEGIN\/BEGIN TRANSACTION\/START TRANSACTION<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>COMMIT\/COMMIT TRANSACTION<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ROLLBACK\/ROLLBACK TRANSACTION<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0412 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434: DML, DDL, DCL. \u041f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0435\u0449\u0451 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 &#8212; DQL, TCL. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c, SELECT \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b \u0438\u0437 DML, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong>SQL constrains<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>SQL constrains &#8212; \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438 (primary key, foreigh key), unique, check. \u041d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044d\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0434. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0435 constrains, \u0442\u043e <strong>\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435<\/strong> \u0438\u0445.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u043a \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c DDL):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>CREATE TABLE test (i serial, t text);\nALTER TABLE test\nADD CONSTRAINT test_field_t_not_empty CHECK (t!='');<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>CREATE TABLE test (i serial, t text);<br>ALTER TABLE test<br>ADD CHECK (t!='');<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong>\u0412\u0438\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0414<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430 &#8212; <a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OLTP\">OLTP <\/a>&#8212; \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b &#8212; \u043e\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d-\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430 &#8212; <a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OLAP\">OLAP <\/a>&#8212; \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e PostgreSQL \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f OLTP \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041a\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>CREATE TABLE test (i serial, t text); --DDL\nINSERT INTO test(t) VALUES ('value1'); --DML\nINSERT INTO test(t) VALUES ('value2');\nINSERT INTO test(t) VALUES ('value3');<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"180\" height=\"114\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image-15.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-663\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f <strong><em>t<\/em><\/strong> \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f<strong><em> &#8216;value1&#8217;<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>UPDATE test\nSET i = 2\nWHERE t='value1'; -- DML<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"214\" height=\"119\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image-16.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-664\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0423\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f<strong><em> i<\/em><\/strong> \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e <strong><em>3<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>DELETE FROM test<br>WHERE i=3; &#8212; DML<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"205\" height=\"96\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image-17.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-665\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0412\u044b\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b (\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 *) \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435 (<em><strong>DESC<\/strong><\/em>). \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435, \u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 <em><strong>SELECT<\/strong><\/em>. \u0418\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>SELECT * FROM test<br>ORDER BY i DESC; &#8212; DQL<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"193\" height=\"92\" src=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/image-18.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-666\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/aeuge\/aristov_tech\/blob\/main\/00%20SQL%20s%200\/presentation\/00%2005%20SQL%20c%200.pdf\">\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0428\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 30 \u0442\u0435\u043c &#171;\u0412\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b NoSQL \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0420\u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414&#187; \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0430. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u0445\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0439\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a \u043e\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0435, \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0430 \u0432&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/aristov.tech\/blog\/kurs-sql-c-0\/\">\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e \u0438\u0437 30 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 SQL c 0 \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445 RUTUBE \u0438 VK \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 SQL (create table, insert into), \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0435\u0435. \u0418\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 SQL SQL \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442 \u0424\u0440\u044d\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[204,194],"tags":[228,224,125,110,225,16,227,226,113,88],"class_list":["post-660","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kurs-sql-s-0","category-obuchenie-postgresql","tag-constrains","tag-dcl","tag-ddl","tag-dml","tag-dql","tag-postgresql","tag-select","tag-tcl","tag-update","tag-tranzakczii"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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